Because the membrane proteins on PLTs bind to biomolecules expressed at high levels in some tumors, Kim et al. in the application of these two biomimetic carriers in targeted cancer therapy. Their properties and performance are compared, and their future challenges and development prospects are discussed. (Fu et al., 2019). In addition to ligand modification, the hybridization of RBCMs with other cell membranes also improves the targeting ability. Because the membrane proteins on PLTs bind to biomolecules expressed at high levels in some tumors, Kim et al. prepared a new biomimetic carrier (R/P-cGNS) that used platinum nanostars loaded with curcumin (Cur) as the core, and the cloak was a mixture of RBCMs and PLTMs. R/P-cGNS offers two membrane functions, because the carrier not only escapes phagocytosis but also efficiently focuses on tumors (Kim et al., 2020). Natural cell membranes are affected by temperature. Combined with photothermal therapy (PTT), R/P-cGNS achieves the controlled launch of Cur with increasing temperature to achieve the expected anticancer effect (Ebrahimi et al., 2018). RBCMs were natural, abundant and safe, and can be used as Ritonavir a favorable antitumor tool after becoming endowed with target ability (Yu et al., 2019). However, besides that, the quality control of RBCs is also a challenge. It is necessary to ensure that the RBCMs will not be contaminated by pyrogens and viruses, to remove the deformed proteins, and to steer clear of the potential immune reaction of endogenous antigens (Li et al., 2018). For further clinical studies, the RBCMs should be matched to the patient’s blood type and RH compatibility (Han et al., 2018). 2.2.2. White colored blood cell membrane WBCs, also known as immune cells, are nucleated, colorless, spherical blood cells that migrate freely inside and outside blood vessels, widely exist in blood, lymph and various cells, and affect the progression of various diseases. WBC membrane-camouflaged NPs, which endow NPSs with both an immune escape ability and active focusing on ability, have been widely used as drug delivery carriers in recent years (Li et al., 2018). Macrophages and neutrophils (NEs) are the most commonly utilized WBCs. According to the different activation claims, macrophages are divided into M1 and M2 macrophages. M1 macrophages exert proinflammatory effects, induce a positive immune response and ruin tumor cells, while M2 macrophages exert anti-inflammatory effects, downregulate the immune response and promote tumor growth (Shapouri-Moghaddam et al., 2018). The antitumor effect of M1 macrophages is mainly derived from their surface markers, such as major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II), CD80, and CD86, and thus antitumor carriers based on macrophage membranes have been widely developed (Najafi et al., 2019). However, macrophages are affected by the complex tumor microenvironment (TME), and the antitumor effect must often become enhanced by combining macrophages with GTBP additional therapies. Hu et al. prepared biomimetic nanocarriers encapsulated from the M1 macrophage membrane [(C/I)BP@B-A(D)&M1m]. Numerous molecules involved in costimulatory transmission transduction and high manifestation of MHC within the cell membrane allowed (C/I)BP@B-A(D)&M1m to efficiently target tumor cells. Combined with laser irradiation, (C/I)BP@B-A(D)&M1m released medicines efficiently at the prospective site as needed (Hu et al., 2020). Liu et al. developed a combined micelle with photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6) and reactive oxygen species (ROX) responsive bilirubin, loaded with altered paclitaxel (PTX) dimer, and coated with macrophage membrane (I-P@NPs@M). I-P@NPs@M efficiently combining chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy (PDT) by co-delivering Ce6 and PTX. Macrophage membrane can guard drugs from your capture by mononuclear macrophage system, which makes I-P@NPs@M more to be absorbed and retained by tumor cells (Liu et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2020). Macrophages regulate various functions in tumor immunity, not only participating in early malignancy but also influencing the metastasis of terminal malignancy (DeNardo and Ruffell, 2019; J?ppinen et al., 2019). Gong et al. loaded doxorubicin (Dox) into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) NPs and coated them with a cross covering of macrophage (Natural264.7) membranes and breast malignancy cell (4T1) membranes to form new biomimetic nanocarriers (DPLGA@[Natural-4T1] NPs) (Number 4). The 41 integrin within the Natural264.7 membrane is activated by vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), which is indicated at high levels on metastatic malignancy cells, thereby increasing the ability of DPLGA@[RAW-4T1] NPs to specifically target metastatic malignancy cells. The 4T1 membrane enables DPLGA@[Natural-4T1] NPs to target homologous malignancy cells, efficiently track the tumor and destroy the tumor cells (Gong et al., 2020). This biomimetic carrier is the first attempt to combine the macrophage cell membrane with CCM, which aids in the.PTX-CL/NEs effectively target postoperative tumor sites where inflammatory signs are amplified, release medicines effectively, and sluggish tumor recurrence and growth (Xue et al., 2017). two membrane functions, because the carrier not only escapes phagocytosis but also efficiently focuses on tumors (Kim et al., 2020). Natural cell membranes are affected by temperature. Combined with photothermal therapy (PTT), R/P-cGNS achieves the controlled launch of Cur with increasing Ritonavir temperature to achieve the expected anticancer effect (Ebrahimi et al., 2018). RBCMs were natural, abundant and safe, and can be used as a favorable antitumor tool after becoming endowed with target ability (Yu et al., 2019). However, besides that, the quality control of RBCs is also a challenge. It is necessary to ensure that the RBCMs will not be contaminated by pyrogens and viruses, to remove the deformed proteins, and to steer clear of the potential immune reaction of endogenous antigens (Li et al., 2018). For further clinical studies, the RBCMs should be matched to the patient’s blood type and RH compatibility (Han et al., 2018). 2.2.2. White colored blood cell membrane WBCs, also known as immune cells, are nucleated, colorless, spherical blood cells that migrate freely inside and outside blood vessels, widely exist in blood, lymph and various cells, and affect the progression of various diseases. WBC membrane-camouflaged NPs, which endow NPSs with both an immune escape ability and active focusing on ability, have been widely used as drug delivery carriers in recent years (Li et al., 2018). Macrophages and neutrophils (NEs) are the most commonly utilized WBCs. According to the different activation claims, macrophages are divided into M1 and M2 macrophages. M1 macrophages exert proinflammatory effects, induce a positive immune response and ruin tumor cells, while M2 macrophages exert anti-inflammatory effects, downregulate the immune response and promote tumor growth (Shapouri-Moghaddam et al., 2018). The antitumor effect of M1 macrophages is mainly derived from their surface markers, such as major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II), CD80, and CD86, and thus antitumor carriers based on macrophage membranes have been widely developed (Najafi et al., 2019). However, macrophages are affected by the complex tumor microenvironment (TME), and the antitumor effect must often be enhanced by combining macrophages with other therapies. Hu et al. prepared biomimetic nanocarriers encapsulated by the M1 macrophage membrane [(C/I)BP@B-A(D)&M1m]. Various molecules involved in costimulatory signal transduction and high expression of MHC around the cell membrane allowed (C/I)BP@B-A(D)&M1m to effectively target tumor tissues. Combined with laser irradiation, (C/I)BP@B-A(D)&M1m released drugs efficiently at the target site as needed (Hu et al., 2020). Liu et al. developed a mixed micelle with photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6) and reactive oxygen species (ROX) responsive bilirubin, loaded with Ritonavir altered paclitaxel (PTX) dimer, and coated with macrophage membrane (I-P@NPs@M). I-P@NPs@M effectively combining chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy (PDT) by co-delivering Ce6 and PTX. Macrophage membrane can safeguard drugs from the capture by mononuclear macrophage system, which makes I-P@NPs@M more to be absorbed and retained by tumor cells (Liu et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2020). Macrophages regulate various functions in tumor immunity, not only participating in early cancer but also affecting the metastasis of terminal cancer (DeNardo and Ruffell, 2019; J?ppinen et al., 2019). Gong et al. loaded doxorubicin (Dox) into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) NPs and coated them with a hybrid coating of macrophage (RAW264.7) membranes and breast malignancy cell (4T1) membranes to form new biomimetic nanocarriers (DPLGA@[RAW-4T1] NPs) (Physique 4). The 41 integrin around the RAW264.7 membrane is activated by vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), which is expressed at high levels on metastatic cancer cells, thereby increasing the ability of DPLGA@[RAW-4T1] NPs to specifically target metastatic cancer tissue. The 4T1 membrane enables DPLGA@[RAW-4T1] NPs to target homologous cancer cells, efficiently track the tumor and kill the tumor tissue (Gong et al., 2020). This biomimetic carrier is the first attempt to combine the macrophage cell membrane with CCM, which assists in the treatment of metastatic breast malignancy and prolongs the life of patients,.For further clinical studies, the RBCMs should be matched to the patient’s blood type and RH compatibility (Han et al., 2018). 2.2.2. (Fu et al., 2019). In addition to ligand modification, the hybridization of RBCMs with other cell membranes also improves the targeting ability. Because Ritonavir the membrane proteins on PLTs bind to biomolecules expressed at high levels in some tumors, Kim et al. prepared a new biomimetic carrier (R/P-cGNS) that used gold nanostars loaded with curcumin (Cur) as the core, and the cloak was a mixture of RBCMs and PLTMs. R/P-cGNS has two membrane functions, because the carrier not only escapes phagocytosis but also effectively targets tumors (Kim et al., 2020). Natural cell membranes are affected by temperature. Combined with photothermal therapy (PTT), R/P-cGNS achieves the controlled release of Cur with increasing temperature to achieve the expected anticancer effect (Ebrahimi et al., 2018). RBCMs were natural, abundant and safe, and can be used as a favorable antitumor tool after being endowed with target ability (Yu et al., 2019). However, besides that, the quality control of RBCs is also a challenge. It is necessary to ensure that the RBCMs will not be contaminated by pyrogens and viruses, to remove the deformed proteins, and to avoid the potential immune reaction of endogenous antigens (Li et al., 2018). For further clinical studies, the RBCMs should be matched to the patient’s blood type and RH compatibility (Han et al., 2018). 2.2.2. White blood cell membrane WBCs, also known as immune cells, are nucleated, colorless, spherical blood cells that migrate freely inside and outside blood vessels, widely exist in blood, lymph and various tissues, and affect the progression of various diseases. WBC membrane-camouflaged NPs, which endow NPSs with both an immune escape ability and active targeting ability, have been widely used as drug delivery carriers in recent years (Li et al., 2018). Macrophages and neutrophils (NEs) are the most commonly utilized WBCs. According to the different activation says, macrophages are divided into M1 and M2 macrophages. M1 macrophages exert proinflammatory effects, induce a positive immune response and eliminate tumor tissue, while M2 macrophages exert anti-inflammatory effects, downregulate the immune response and promote tumor growth (Shapouri-Moghaddam et al., 2018). The antitumor effect of M1 macrophages is mainly derived from their surface markers, such as major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II), CD80, and CD86, and thus antitumor carriers based on macrophage membranes have been widely developed (Najafi et al., 2019). However, macrophages are affected by the complex tumor microenvironment (TME), and the antitumor effect must often be enhanced by combining macrophages with other therapies. Hu et al. prepared biomimetic nanocarriers encapsulated by the M1 macrophage membrane [(C/I)BP@B-A(D)&M1m]. Various molecules involved in costimulatory signal transduction and high expression of MHC around the cell membrane allowed (C/I)BP@B-A(D)&M1m to effectively target tumor tissues. Combined with laser irradiation, (C/I)BP@B-A(D)&M1m released drugs efficiently at the target site as needed (Hu et al., 2020). Liu et al. developed a mixed micelle with photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6) and reactive oxygen species (ROX) responsive bilirubin, loaded with altered paclitaxel (PTX) dimer, and coated with macrophage membrane (I-P@NPs@M). I-P@NPs@M effectively combining chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy (PDT) by co-delivering Ce6 and PTX. Macrophage membrane can safeguard drugs from the capture by mononuclear macrophage system, which makes I-P@NPs@M more to be absorbed and retained by tumor cells (Liu et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2020). Macrophages regulate various functions in tumor immunity, not only participating in early cancer but also affecting the metastasis of terminal cancer (DeNardo and Ruffell, 2019; J?ppinen et al., 2019). Gong et al. loaded doxorubicin (Dox) into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) NPs and coated them with a hybrid coating of macrophage (RAW264.7) membranes and breast malignancy cell (4T1) membranes to form new biomimetic nanocarriers (DPLGA@[RAW-4T1] NPs) (Physique 4). The 41 integrin around the RAW264.7 membrane is activated by vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), which is expressed at high levels on metastatic cancer cells, thereby increasing the ability of DPLGA@[RAW-4T1] NPs to specifically target metastatic cancer tissue. The 4T1 membrane enables DPLGA@[RAW-4T1] NPs to target homologous cancer.